15 Days of Dashain
Dashain (दशैं) is a 15-day national (religious) festival of Nepal. It is the longest and the most auspicious festival in the Nepalese annual calendar.Actually it is celebrated by Nepalese and Indian Hindu of all casts throughout the globe. In fact this festival falls around September–October, starting from the bright lunar fortnight and ending on the day of full moon. People also refer Dashain as Bada Dashain.
Throughout the country goddess Durga in all her manifestations is worshiped with innumerable pujas, abundant offerings and thousands of animal sacrifices. Strangely enough this is done for the ritual of holy bathing, drenching the goddess in blood for days. This festival is also known for its emphasis on the family gatherings, as well as on a renewal of community ties. People return from all parts of the world as well as from different parts of the country to celebrate together. Meanwhile all government offices, educational institutions and other offices remain closed during the festival period.
Significance
Dashain commemorates the victories of the god and goddesses over the demons. Above all it symbolizes victory of good over evil. According to the scriptures Mahisashur, a demon, had spread terror in the dev-lok (the world of gods). After that all the gods and saints prayed to the Aadi-Shakti in order to kill Mahisashur.Then Goddess Shakti ca as Durga and killed the demon thus saving everyone from the terror.
The first nine days of Dashain symbolizes the battle that took place between the different manifestations of goddess Durga and the demon Mahisashur. While, the tenth day is the day when Durga finally defeated Mahisashur. As Goddess Durga saved all of the gods like a mother would do to save her children she is worshipped throughout the country as divine mother goddess.
Throughout the festival people pay homage to the various forms of Supreme Goddess Durga. Followers of Shakti take it as the day of falling of demon Mahisashur by goddess Durga. On the other hand for non-Shakta Hindus, this festival symbolizes the victory of Ram over Ravan, the characters of the epic Ramayana. Incidentally, Buddhists remember this day as Emperor Ashoka of the Indian subcontinent abandoned violence on this day and entered the path of Buddhism.
In Kathmandu Valley, among the Newars, this festival is known as “Mohanee”, with slight difference in rituals and significance, thus more than often confused with the Dashain.
Important Days on Dashain
Day 1: Ghatasthapana
Ghatasthapana marks the first and foremost day of Dashain. It literally means installing a pot which symbolizes Goddess Shakti. Similarly, it falls on Aswin Shukla Pratipada, the first day of the bright half of the lunar calendar in the month of Aswin. On this day kalash is filled with holy water which is then covered with cow dung and sown with barley seeds. Then, the kalash is put in the center of a rectangular sand block. After that, the remaining bed of sand is also sown with grains. The priest then starts the puja by calling goddess Durga to bless the vessel with her presence. This ritual is performed at a certain auspicious time which is determined by the astrologers. Goddess Shakti is believed to reside in the kalash vessel during the Navratri period.
The room where all this is done is known as the ‘Dashain Ghar’. Generally, outsiders and women are not allowed to enter the Dashain Ghar. A male family member worships the Kalasha twice every day, once in the morning and then in the evening. It is kept away from direct sunlight, and holy water is offered to it every day, so that by the tenth day of the festival the seed will have grown to five or six inches long yellow grass. This sacred grass is known as ‘Jamara’. These rituals continue till the seventh day.
Day 7: Fulpati
Fulpati is a major celebration occurring on the seventh day of Dashain. On this day the jamara for the ex royal family is brought from Gorkha palace, their ancestral house. Fulpati (jamara and the other items that is necessary for tika) is brought after a three day walk from Gorkha palace. It is about hundred and sixty nine kilometers away from the valley of Kathmandu. Accordingly a parade is held in Tundikhel ground in Kathmandu.
The royal Kalasha, banana stalks, jamara and the sugar cane tied with red cloth is brought by the Brahmans from Gorkha which is led by the royal priest’s military platoon. Hundreds of government officials gather together in the Tundikhel grounds in conventional formal dress to witness the event. The king observes the ceremony in Tundikhel while the fulpati parade is headed towards the Hanuman Dhoka royal palace. Then there is a majestic display of the Nepalese Army along with a celebratory firing of weapons that continues for ten to fifteen minutes honoring Fulpati. The Fulpati is taken to the Hanuman Dhoka Royal palace by the time the occasion ends in Tundikhel. However, post-monarchy, the President and the Prime Minister has taken over the king’s social and religious roles.
Day 8: Maha Ashtami
The eighth day is called the ‘Maha Asthami’. This is the day when the most outrageous form of Goddess Durga’s manifestations, Kali is worshipped. Furthermore, blood-thirsty Kali is appeased through sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of buffaloes, goats, pigeons and ducks in temples throughout the nation. Ironically, blood is symbol for fertility and is offered to the Goddesses. Appropriately enough, the night of this day is called Kal Ratri (Black Night). It is also the norm for buffaloes to be sacrificed in the courtyards of all the land revenue offices in the country on this day. Therefore the old palace in Basantapur Hanuman Dhoka is active throughout the night with worships and sacrifices in almost every courtyard.
At the midnight of the very day the Dashain Ghar, a total of 54 buffaloes and 54 goats are sacrificed in observance of the rites. After the offering of the blood, the meat is taken home and cooked as “prasad”, or food blessed by divinity. This food is offered, in tiny leaf plates, to the household Gods, then distributed amongst the family. Eating this food is thought to be auspicious. While the puja is being carried out great feasts are held in the homes of common people.
The Newar community celebrates “Kuchhi Bhway” in the evening.
Day 9: Maha Nawami
The ninth day is called Maha-navami which literally means the great ninth day. This day is the last day of Navarati. Ceremonies and rituals reach the peak on this day. On this day, official military ritual killings are held in one of the Hanuman Dhoka royal palace called the Kot courtyard. On this occasion, the state offers the sacrifices of buffaloes under the gunfire salutes. This day is also known as the demon-hunting day because members of the defeated demon army try to save themselves by hiding in the bodies of animals and fowls.
On this day the Vishwakarma, the god of creativeness is also worshiped as it is believed that all the things which help in making a living should be kept happy. Artisans, craftsmen, traders, and mechanics worship and offer animal and fowl blood to their tools, equipment, and vehicles. Moreover, since it is believed that worshipping the vehicles on this day avoids accidents for the year all the vehicles from bikes, cars to trucks are worshiped on this day.
The Taleju Temple gates are opened for the general public on only this day of the year. Thousands of devotees go and pay respect to the goddess this day. The temple is filled with devotees all day long.
Day 10: Dashami
The tenth day of the festival is the ‘Dashami’. On this day, a mixture of rice, yoghurt and vermillon is prepared. This preparation is also known as “tika”. Elders put this tika and jamara which is sown in the Ghatasthapana on the forehead of younger relatives to bless them with abundance in the upcoming years. The red also symbolizes the blood that ties the family together. Elders give “Dakshina”, or a small amount of money, to younger relatives at this time along with the blessings. This continues to be observed for five days till the full moon during which period families and relatives visit each other to exchange gifts and greetings. This ritual of taking tika from all the elder relatives (even the distant relatives) helps in the renewal of the community ties greatly. This is one reason why the festival is celebrated with so much of vigour and enthusiasm.
Day 15: Kojagrata Purnima
The last day of the festival which also lies on the full moon day is called ‘Kojagrata Purnima’. The literal meaning of Kojagrata is ‘who is awake’. Therefore, on this day Goddess Laxmi who is believed to be the goddess of wealth is worshiped as it is believed that goddess Laxmi descends on earth and showers whoever is awake all night with wealth and prosperity. People enjoy over the night by playing cards and many more.
Important Activities during Dashain
- Flying Kites
- Playing cards
- Buying and wearing new clothes
- Playing bamboo swings, popularly known as “ping”
- Slaughtering animals as a ritual with increased consumption of varieties of meats of various animals
- Dashain aashirbad sloka (blessing)
This Dashain mantra enchanted generally while putting tika to female member of family.
Om Jayanti Mangala Kaali Bhadra Kali Kapalini
Durga Kshyama shiva dhatri swaha swadha namostu te
ॐ जयन्ती मङ्गला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी ।
दुर्गा क्ष्यमा शिवा धात्री स्वहा स्वधा नमोस्तु ते ।।
Following mantra is enchanted while putting tika to male member of family.
Ayur Drona sute sriyem Dasarathe, Satruk ksheyam Raghave,
Yaishoryem Nahushe, Gatischa pawane, Manancha Duryodhane,
Suaryam Shanta nave, Balam Haldhare, Satyaschha Kuntisute,
Bigyanam Bidure, Bhawanu Bhabatam, Kirtischha Narayane!
आयुर द्रोण सुते श्रेयम दशरथे , सत्रुक क्षेयम रघवे,
ऐश्र्वर्यम नहुशे , गतिस्च पवने, मानन्च दुर्योधने,
सौर्यम शान्त नवे, बलम हलधरे , सत्यस्च कुन्तीसुते ,
बिज्ञ।न बिदुरे, भवन्तु भबताम, किर्तिस्च नारायणे!
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